Научный архив: статьи

This article examines the use of the analytical form -p bar- as a means to express aspectual meanings and the conditions for its use. In the Old Uyghur language, which is considered one of the early stages of development of Turkic languages, morphological means are used to clarify the nature of actions. One of these means is the analytical form -p bar-. In studies on the Old Turkic and Old Uyghur languages, the use of the analytical form -p bar- to express the aspectual meaning of punctual action has not been previously noted. From this point of view, functional characteristics of this form’s use are investigated in the study. Analyzed examples serve as evidence that the Old Uyghur language had grammar means of expressing the aspectual meaning of punctual action.

The present paper introduces seven new manuscript fragments that have been identified with the Sanskrit Buddhist text — the Lotus Sūtra (Skt. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka). Until quite recently these fragments have had no pressmark and were revealed among the unregistered materials of the Serindia Collection (IOM, RAS). The fragments represent different parts of seven pothi-type leaves of paper containing Sanskrit text in South Turkestan Brāhmī script, which was used for recording Buddhist texts in the 8–9 cc. AD in Khotan — the largest center of Mahāyāna in Serindia (the Eastern part of Central Asia within the current borders of Xinjiang). Seven fragments bear clear similarities in terms of paleographic and codicological features (type of script, size and shape of graphemic symbols (akṣaras), number of lines and line-spacing, paper characteristics etc.). Given the express similarities, it is reasonable to assume that all the fragments could belong to one and the same manuscript. Furthermore, it was revealed that two new fragments almost join with those kept under the pressmarks SI 1934 and SI 6584 and represent altogether two relatively complete pothi leaves. After the identification and investigation these seven new fragments were assigned the inventory number and the pressmark SI 6781. This paper includes description of the fragments SI 6781, transliteration, comparison with the corresponding text of the Petrovsky manuscript (the most complete Central Asian copy of the Sanskrit Lotus Sūtra), English translation, and facsimile of two fragments.

Let p be an odd prime number. In this paper, among other results, we establish some congruences involving inverse of binomial coefficients. These congruences are mainly determined modulo p, p2, p3 and p4 in the p-integers ring in terms of Fermat quotients, harmonic numbers and Bernoulli numbers in a simple way. Furthermore, we extend an interesting theorem of E. Lehmer to the class of inverse binomial coefficients.

The motion of grain boundary (GB) ensemble in pure aluminum under annealing conditions at temperature 630 K is investigated by cellular automata (CA) method. Here, the CA method predetermines the computational grid following the grain boundary motion and grain growth. The motion of the GB is defined through mobility, energy and curvature of the boundary. The curvature of the GBs is measured by the Height Function method. The kinetics of the grain boundary ensemble is shown using the conventional Reed - Shockley function and neural network surrogate functions to determine the energy of grain boundaries.

The analysis and generalization of the calculation results of the structure, electronic and energy characteristics of graphene monolayer polymorphs L6, L4-8, L3-12, L4-6-12, L5-7 functionalized with fluorine, hydrogen and hydroxyl group atoms has been carried out. It has been established that in graphanes and fluorographenes, as the deformation parameter increases, the sublimation energy decreases and the lattice constant increases. The sublimation energy decreases in the sequence: hydroxygraphenes, fluorographenes, graphanes. The studied materials have a band gap ranging from 1.93 to 6.46 eV. It has been established that the band gap decreases with increase of sublimation energy. With an increase of the electronegativity of the attached atoms (groups), the sublimation energy increases, and the band gap decreases. Graphanes have the lowest sublimation energy and the largest band gap.

Maqola aniq belgilangan nazariy asosning muhim roli va savdo bilan bog’liq muammolarni bartaraf etish, raqobatbardoshlikni oshirish va iqtisodiy rivojlanishni rivojlantirishda savdoni osonlashtirish choralarini samarali amalga oshirish haqida. O’zbekiston va Markaziy Osiyodagi boshqa davlatlarning barqaror iqtisodiy taraqqiyoti uchun axborot bilan ta’minlanishning doimiy yaxshilanishi, ilgari surilgan qarorlar, apellyatsiya tartib-qoidalari va turli rasmiyatchiliklar muhim ahamiyat kasb etmoqda. Oxir oqibat, savdo tartib-qoidalarini soddalashtirish va tegishli xarajatlarni kamaytirish bo’yicha olib borilayotgan sa’y-harakatlar global miqyosda inklyuziv o’sish va farovonlikni rag’batlantirishning keng maqsadiga mos keladi.

The authors discuss the problem of digital facial recognition technologies in the context of implementation of individual rights and freedoms. The analysis is focused on whether their use is legitimate and on interpretation of the provisions behind the underlying procedures. The authors note a significant range of goals to be addressed through the use of smart digital systems already at the goal-setting stage: economy, business, robotics, geological research, biophysics, mathematics, biophysics, avionics, security systems, health, etc. Higher amounts of data and a broader range of technologically complex decision-making objectives require to systematize the traditional methods and to develop new decision-making methodologies and algorithms. Progress of machine learning and neural networks will transform today’s digital technologies into self-sustained and self-learning systems intellectually superior to human mind. Video surveillance coupled with smart facial recognition technologies serves above all public security purposes and can considerably impact modern society. The article is devoted to the theme of legitimate use of digital facial recognition technologies and to the interpretation of provisions laying down the underlying procedures. The authors’ research interests assume an analysis of legal approaches to uphold human rights as digital facial recognition systems are increasingly introduced into social practices in Russia, European Union, United Kingdom, United States, China. The purpose of article is to shed light on regulatory details around the use of AI systems for remote biometric identification of persons in the process of statutory regulation. Methods: formal logic, comparison, analysis, synthesis, correlation, generalization. Conclusions: the analysis confirms that facial recognition technologies are progressing considerably faster than their legal regulation. Deployment of such technologies make possible ongoing surveillance, a form of collecting information on private life of persons. It is noted that accounting for these factors requires amending the national law in order to define the status and the rules of procedure for such data, as well as the ways to inform natural persons that information associated with them is being processed.

The article contains an analysis of AI regulatory models in Russia and other countries. The authors discuss key regulatory trends, principles and mechanisms with a special focus on balancing the incentives for technological development and the minimization of AI-related risks. The attention is centered on three principal approaches: “soft law”, experimental legal regimes (ELR) and technical regulation. The methodology of research covers a comparative legal analysis of AI-related strategic documents and legislative initiatives such as the national strategies approved by the U. S., China, India, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada, as well as regulations and codes of conduct. The authors also explore domestic experience including the 2030 National AI Development Strategy and the AI Code of Conduct as well as the use of ELR under the Federal Law “On Experimental Legal Regimes for Digital Innovation in the Russian Federation”. The main conclusions can be summed up as follows. A vast majority of countries including Russian Federation has opted for “soft law” (codes of conduct, declarations) that provides a flexible regulation by avoiding excessive administrative barriers. Experimental legal regimes are crucial for validating AI applications by allowing to test technologies in a controlled environment. In Russia ELR are widely used in transportation, health and logistics. Technical regulation including standardization is helpful to foster security and confidence in AI. The article notes widespread development of national and international standards in this field. Special regulation (along the lines of the European Union AI Act) still has not become widespread. A draft law based on the risk-oriented approach is currently discussed in Russia. The authors of the article argue for the gradual, iterative development of legal framework for AI to avoid rigid regulatory barriers emerging too prematurely. They also note the importance of international cooperation and adaptation of the best practices to shape an efficient regulatory system.

The author considers the development of sports in the United States and its impact on the lives of citizens. The history of the development of sports in the United States is presented. A comparative characteristic of the attitude to health promotion in the USA and Russia is given. The paper deals with topical issues of the formation of useful practices for doing sports business in the United States.

The author examines the features of the history and development of physical culture and sports in the UK. The legal aspects of sports competitions are considered. The culture of England has a number of features that distinguish it from other countries and states. Relevance. Sport plays an important role in the life of every Briton. They take a very responsible approach to the popularization and integration of sports in people’s lives. To do this, various programs are created, each of which has its own peculiarity. In the development of the sports sphere, the British are in no hurry to stop, the legal aspect of sports life is constantly regulated, and informal sports are also invented. Awareness of the sports life of the UK allows you to get to know their culture better. Goal, tasks. The purpose of the work is to review scientific publications on this topic. Get acquainted with the history of sports in the UK. To study the system of popularization of sports events. Get acquainted with the legal aspects of sports life. Get acquainted with informal sports. Materials and methods of research. The research materials were scientific sources published in the scientific electronic library elibrary (website https://elibrary. ru). Research methods: study of scientific literary sources, review of scientific publications. Results and their discussion. Sport in the UK has come a long way from the beginning of its formation to the present day. Over time, it has undergone a large number of changes, most of which are directed for the better. As a result, this has led to the fact that sport is very responsibly regulated by law and is an integral part of people’s lives, who, in turn, having the desire to play sports, come up with new informal types of it. Conclusion. Sport in the UK, as in many other countries, has generally accepted norms. However, it also has its own peculiarities, starting from the history of the formation of sports, ending with legal aspects. The physical culture of the state is quite well developed, but this does not prevent it from growing and developing, new informal sports will constantly be invented, legal regulation will be clarified and the range of programs aimed at popularizing the sports lifestyle will expand, but most importantly, it will always be exclusively beneficial for the physical and cultural development of a person.

The authors reveal the importance of self-control in physical education and sports. If you exercise incorrectly, you can get severe chronic health consequences. Self-control is diff erent for each person or a particular sport. In order for self-control to be eff ective, the student needs to have an idea of the energy expenditure of his body during neuropsychiatric and muscular stresses that arise when performing educational activities in combination with systematic stress. It is important to know the time intervals of rest and recovery of mental and physical performance, as well as techniques, means and methods by which you can more eff ectively restore the functional capabilities of the body

The paper studies the ways that technological characteristics of thermal wood concrete (TWC) production have on its strength and thermal conductivity properties. TWC is a new, effective wood-cement composition of authors’ development. To produce it the authors used crushed thermally modified wood (TMW) with a certain shape and size as a filler. The research is rationalized by the fact that currently we are facing a lack of both fundamental and applied experimentally confirmed data on TWC. The paper discusses the studies of the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of four groups of TWC samples that were obtained with three types of filler, differing in size and shape, molding method and strength class of cement-sand mortar. The authors determined general impact patterns of the above-mentioned factors on strength and thermal conductivity properties, as well as specific indicators. Moreover, the paper describes the strength classes and grades of TWC that ranged from B1.5 to B3.5 and from M25 to M50, respectively. Thermal conductivity for standard samples ranged from 0.21 to 0.4 W/(mK). It has been concluded that TWC with a finer TMW filler has the most balanced combination of strength, thermal conductivity and deformation properties. Following the results, the authors proposed practical recommendations for TWC production, and further courses for its improvement and research.